Oil Prices in Inflation-Adjusted Terms
This Chart presents Monthly Average Crude Oil Prices and Inflation-Adjusted Oil Prices.
For more information see Annual Average Oil Prices in Table Form.
Interesting story about How An Engineer’s Desperate Experiment Created Fracking and Twenty years later, the U.S. is the biggest oil and natural gas producer on the planet due primarily to hydraulic fracking. In this chart, we can see that since the 2014 peak at a nominal price of $98.18 (inflation-adjusted price of $106.26) Oil prices have fallen and are currently less than half the inflation-adjusted price.
Updated February 2020
The red line on the chart shows Illinois Sweet Crude oil prices adjusted for inflation in January 2020 dollars. The black line indicates the nominal price (in other words the price you would have actually paid at the time). Current prices as of the end of January 2020 are $50.96 down significantly from recent highs but up from 2016 lows.
Although the nominal price of a barrel of oil was only $1.37 back in 1946 the inflation-adjusted price of oil was $19.31 per barrel. After climbing sharply for a couple of years, it stayed relatively steady and in fact steadily (albeit slowly) declined in inflation-adjusted terms until 1973. From there prices exploded until 1980 when the bubble burst and prices returned to “normal” however they were much more volatile from then on.
The major peaks occurred in December 1979 at $127.81, October 1990 at $67.03, and June 2008 at $148.93 (all inflation-adjusted to 2020 dollars). Another interesting item to note is that the inflation-adjusted average price has been increasing. The average for the entire period from 1946 to present is $45.73 but the average since 1980 is $57.01 and the average since 2000 is $65.37. This may be the result of increased extraction costs as it becomes harder to find and requires much greater technology to get to it.
The absolute peak occurred in June 2008 with the highest inflation-adjusted monthly average crude oil price of $148.93 / barrel. From there we see one of the sharpest drops in history. Note that the fall from the 1979 peak took until 1986 (7 years) to fall as much (percentage-wise) as Crude lost in only six months from 2008-2009.
During the previous peak price back in 1979, the nominal monthly average oil price peaked at $38 per barrel (although the intraday prices spiked much higher).
In nominal terms, we see a fall from $126.33 in June 2008 to $31.04 in February 09 but by June 09 oil is back to $61.46 and by April of 2011 it was back to $102.15. Fortunately, from there it decreased down to $76.90 in September but then started increasing again. The average for the year 2011 was $87.04. 2012 was very close with the nominal average price being $86.46. Crude oil prices rose in 2013 to an average price of $91.17. The first 11 months of 2014 had an average price of $89.08 with a nominal peak in June at $98.18 but December’s sharp drop brought the annual average price down to $85.60. The average nominal price for 2015 was $41.85. So we saw another sharp drop almost as sharp as in 2008.
The common price quoted is the all-time high for Crude Oil prices i.e. the price that the highest barrel ever sold for. That price doesn’t really have any effect on the price consumers paid. What really matters is the average price the refineries had to pay for the whole month.
Interestingly, the highest monthly average price occurred in December 1979 while the highest annual high oil prices occurred in 1980. This means prices spiked higher in late 1979 and then declined slightly but overall remained at higher levels throughout 1980 than they were in 1979.
Adjusted for inflation the 1979 $38 peak oil price is the equivalent of paying $127.81 today. (Note: This number is constantly changing as we adjust for inflation at the current moment.)
In the 2008 run-up, the annual average price for all of 2008 was nominally $91.48 and fell much lower in 2009 to an average of $53.48. So on an annual average basis, prices were very close to 1979 but slightly below but on a monthly inflation-adjusted basis 2008 prices exceeded 1979 prices but for a shorter duration.
As we can see from the chart, inflation-adjusted prices were higher in 2008 than they were in either 2011 or 1980, but in 1980 the prices stair-stepped down rather than falling sharply as they did in 2008. Part of the reason for this was that 2008 prices were driven by a speculative bubble while 1979-80 prices were driven up by OPEC. Another factor in the sharp fall in prices in 2008 was the market crash which drove all prices and demand down due to a lack of market liquidity.
Interestingly, prices fell so far from the 1990 peak that by December 1998 (on an inflation-adjusted basis) they were only about 2/3rds of what they were in 1946. The inflation-adjusted price of a barrel of oil in 1946 was $19.31 while in December of 1998 it was only $13.60.
Note: The prices we use are for Illinois Crude Oil (Sweet) which will generally be a couple of dollars less than the West Texas intermediate (WTI) or NY Crude spot price. For instance in March of 2013 West Texas Intermediate crude averaged $90.50/ barrel while Illinois Sweet averaged $87.50. Oil prices vary based on grade (Sweet, Intermediate or Sour) and location i.e. how easy it is to get it from the field to the refinery and also based on supply in that area. So “West Texas” alone has three different prices, West Texas Intermediate – Area #1 $90.50, West Texas Intermediate – All Other Areas $91.00, West Texas Sour $83.05. West Texas Sour is worse quality than West Texas Intermediate (requires more refining) at the same time South Texas Sour only brings $79.00 presumably because it is more difficult to transport South Texas Sour than West Texas Sour due to a lack of pipeline capacity.
Note:
During the 1970s Oil prices were subject to price controls except for “stripper” wells which were exempt. These price controls resulted in shortages and lines at the gas station in addition to some shootings and even deaths due to people “cutting in the gas line”. For prices during this period, we use the free market stripper prices which more accurately indicate what prices would have been without the artificial price controls.
Data Sources:
Illinois Oil and Gas Association
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