The monthly inflation rate for October 2023 was -0.04%
down from 0.44% in August and 0.25% in September.
Typically, when we talk about inflation, we are talking about the change in prices (price inflation) on a yearly or annual basis, i.e., how much prices have changed since last year. Generally, this is because the monthly changes are small and tend to fluctuate in both directions but usually add up to measurable inflation on an annual basis. The annual inflation rate is made up of the combination of monthly rates. but often the monthly rates presented by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are “Seasonally Adjusted” so you can’t just add those up to get the Annual Unadjusted Inflation Rate.
The following table presents the unadjusted monthly inflation rate, i.e., the rate of increase (or decrease) in the basket of goods and services tracked by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics over the last month.
Although these are the components of the Annual inflation rate, since inflation compounds, the annual inflation rate is not just adding the monthly inflation rates. But looking at the monthly rates can give you some perspective on how the Annual rate is going. Often you will have the occasional month that is negative (deflationary) that chips away at the overall annual inflation, but it is much rarer to have enough monthly deflation to actually result in annual deflation. Deflation (lower prices) on a monthly basis but not resulting in annual deflation is called “Disinflation“.
Monthly Inflation Chart 2019-2023
Typically, monthly inflation is highest from January through May, often in the 0.30% to 0.50% range. However, 2022 started out with much higher than average monthly inflation… 0.84% (January), 0.91% (February), and 1.34% (March) this is high even for the first quarter of a year when monthly inflation is already at its highest.
May 2022’s 1.10% was extremely high even for the high months, so being replaced by the relatively low 0.25% of May 2023 knocked annual inflation way down. The same thing happened in June. Typically, in June, inflation moderates into a lower range, but in 2022 monthly inflation in June was also high, i.e., 1.37%. So, the two-month inflation for May and June alone was 2.49%. Since June 2023 was only 0.32%, we saw another significant drop in annual inflation.
But then comes July 2022, which had negative monthly inflation (i.e., disinflationary), although it was virtually zero. So, any inflation at all in July 2023 would bump the annual inflation rate up again. So, when July came in at a relatively moderate 0.19% annual inflation rose by about 1/5th of a percent. But in August, monthly inflation of 0.44% replaced -0.04% boosting annual inflation by almost 1/2 percent. In October 2023 we had almost the exact opposite of August. In that case, -0.04% replaced 0.41%.
In September the 2022 rate and the 2023 rate were almost the same, i.e., 0.22% and 0.25% respectively.
Usually, monthly inflation is very low or even negative from October through December, helping to reduce annual inflation. But since November and December 2022 were so low, we could see an increase in the annual numbers this year.
In the chart below, we can see how the monthly inflation compares between 2019 (light green), 2020 (light blue), 2021 (pink), 2022 (red), and 2023 (orange). We can see the stark contrast between March 2022 and March 2023. And a similar difference in May and June, but almost zero difference between April 2022 and April 2023. We can also see the set-up for November-December’s possible increase in the annual rate.
In the complete table below, you may notice things like the fact that the last quarter of the year is more likely to have deflation while the first quarter is more likely to be highly inflationary. You can also see how August, September and October 2023 are almost a mirror image of each other.
See How Do I Calculate the Inflation Rate? for more information on calculating inflation.
See: annual inflation rates for what is normally considered “the Inflation Rate“.
This data is based on the historical CPI-U data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Typically monthly inflation is a fraction of a percent although when inflation is particularly bad it can be a whole percentage point or more. During Hyperinflation it can be 10% or even hundreds of percent. But hyperinflationary rates are not sustainable in the long run and usually result in a massive chaos.
For historical annual inflation rates , historical Consumer Price Indexes
Monthly Inflation Rate Table
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2023 | 0.81% | 0.56% | 0.33% | 0.51% | 0.25% | 0.32% | 0.19% | 0.44% | 0.25% | -0.04% | NA | NA |
2022 | 0.84% | 0.91% | 1.34% | 0.56% | 1.10% | 1.37% | -0.01% | -0.04% | 0.22% | 0.41% | -0.10% | -0.31% |
2021 | 0.43% | 0.55% | 0.71% | 0.82% | 0.80% | 0.93% | 0.48% | 0.21% | 0.27% | 0.83% | 0.49% | 0.31% |
2020 | 0.39% | 0.27% | -0.22% | -0.67% | 0.00% | 0.55% | 0.51% | 0.32% | 0.14% | 0.04% | -0.06% | 0.09% |
2019 | 0.19% | 0.42% | 0.56% | 0.53% | 0.21% | 0.02% | 0.17% | -0.01% | 0.08% | 0.23% | -0.05% | -0.09% |
2018 | 0.54% | 0.45% | 0.23% | 0.40% | 0.42% | 0.16% | 0.01% | 0.06% | 0.12% | 0.18% | -0.33% | -0.32% |
2017 | 0.58% | 0.31% | 0.08% | 0.30% | 0.09% | 0.09% | -0.07% | 0.30% | 0.53% | -0.06% | 0.00% | -0.06% |
2016 | 0.17% | 0.08% | 0.43% | 0.47% | 0.41% | 0.33% | -0.16% | 0.09% | 0.24% | 0.12% | -0.16% | 0.03% |
2015 | -0.47% | 0.43% | 0.60% | 0.20% | 0.51% | 0.35% | 0.01% | -0.14% | -0.16% | -0.04% | -0.21% | -0.34% |
2014 | 0.37% | 0.37% | 0.64% | 0.33% | 0.35% | 0.19% | -0.04% | -0.17% | 0.08% | -0.25% | -0.54% | -0.57% |
2013 | 0.30% | 0.82% | 0.26% | -0.10% | 0.18% | 0.24% | 0.04% | 0.12% | 0.12% | -0.26% | -0.20% | -0.01% |
2012 | 0.44% | 0.44% | 0.76% | 0.30% | -0.12% | -0.15% | -0.16% | 0.56% | 0.45% | -0.04% | -0.47% | -0.27% |
2011 | 0.48% | 0.49% | 0.98% | 0.64% | 0.47% | -0.11% | 0.09% | 0.28% | 0.15% | -0.21% | -0.08% | -0.25% |
2010 | 0.34% | 0.02% | 0.41% | 0.17% | 0.08% | -0.10% | 0.02% | 0.14% | 0.06% | 0.12% | 0.04% | 0.17% |
2009 | 0.44% | 0.50% | 0.24% | 0.25% | 0.29% | 0.86% | -0.16% | 0.22% | 0.06% | 0.10% | 0.07% | -0.18% |
2008 | 0.50% | 0.29% | 0.87% | 0.61% | 0.84% | 1.01% | 0.53% | -0.40% | -0.14% | -1.01% | -1.92% | -1.03% |
2007 | 0.31% | 0.54% | 0.91% | 0.65% | 0.61% | 0.19% | -0.03% | -0.18% | 0.28% | 0.21% | 0.59% | -0.07% |
2006 | 0.76% | 0.20% | 0.55% | 0.85% | 0.50% | 0.20% | 0.30% | 0.20% | -0.49% | -0.54% | -0.15% | 0.15% |
2005 | 0.21% | 0.58% | 0.78% | 0.67% | -0.10% | 0.05% | 0.46% | 0.51% | 1.22% | 0.20% | -0.80% | -0.40% |
2004 | 0.49% | 0.54% | 0.64% | 0.32% | 0.59% | 0.32% | -0.16% | 0.05% | 0.21% | 0.53% | 0.05% | -0.37% |
2003 | 0.44% | 0.77% | 0.60% | -0.22% | -0.16% | 0.11% | 0.11% | 0.38% | 0.33% | -0.11% | -0.27% | -0.11% |
2002 | 0.23% | 0.40% | 0.56% | 0.56% | 0.00% | 0.06% | 0.11% | 0.33% | 0.17% | 0.17% | 0.00% | -0.22% |
2001 | 0.63% | 0.40% | 0.23% | 0.40% | 0.45% | 0.17% | -0.28% | 0.00% | 0.45% | -0.34% | -0.17% | -0.39% |
2000 | 0.30% | 0.59% | 0.82% | 0.06% | 0.12% | 0.52% | 0.23% | 0.00% | 0.52% | 0.17% | 0.06% | -0.06% |
1999 | 0.24% | 0.12% | 0.30% | 0.73% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.30% | 0.24% | 0.48% | 0.18% | 0.06% | 0.00% |
1998 | 0.19% | 0.19% | 0.19% | 0.18% | 0.18% | 0.12% | 0.12% | 0.12% | 0.12% | 0.24% | 0.00% | -0.06% |
1997 | 0.32% | 0.31% | 0.25% | 0.12% | -0.06% | 0.12% | 0.12% | 0.19% | 0.25% | 0.25% | -0.06% | -0.12% |
1996 | 0.59% | 0.32% | 0.52% | 0.39% | 0.19% | 0.06% | 0.19% | 0.19% | 0.32% | 0.32% | 0.19% | 0.00% |
1995 | 0.40% | 0.40% | 0.33% | 0.33% | 0.20% | 0.20% | 0.00% | 0.26% | 0.20% | 0.33% | -0.07% | -0.07% |
1994 | 0.27% | 0.34% | 0.34% | 0.14% | 0.07% | 0.34% | 0.27% | 0.40% | 0.27% | 0.07% | 0.13% | 0.00% |
1993 | 0.49% | 0.35% | 0.35% | 0.28% | 0.14% | 0.14% | 0.00% | 0.28% | 0.21% | 0.41% | 0.07% | 0.00% |
1992 | 0.15% | 0.36% | 0.51% | 0.14% | 0.14% | 0.36% | 0.21% | 0.28% | 0.28% | 0.35% | 0.14% | -0.07% |
1991 | 0.60% | 0.15% | 0.15% | 0.15% | 0.30% | 0.29% | 0.15% | 0.29% | 0.44% | 0.15% | 0.29% | 0.07% |
1990 | 1.03% | 0.47% | 0.55% | 0.16% | 0.23% | 0.54% | 0.38% | 0.92% | 0.84% | 0.60% | 0.22% | 0.00% |
1989 | 0.50% | 0.41% | 0.58% | 0.65% | 0.57% | 0.24% | 0.24% | 0.16% | 0.32% | 0.48% | 0.24% | 0.16% |
1988 | 0.26% | 0.26% | 0.43% | 0.52% | 0.34% | 0.43% | 0.42% | 0.42% | 0.67% | 0.33% | 0.08% | 0.17% |
1987 | 0.63% | 0.36% | 0.45% | 0.54% | 0.35% | 0.35% | 0.26% | 0.53% | 0.52% | 0.26% | 0.09% | 0.00% |
1986 | 0.27% | -0.27% | -0.46% | -0.18% | 0.28% | 0.55% | 0.00% | 0.18% | 0.46% | 0.09% | 0.09% | 0.09% |
1985 | 0.19% | 0.47% | 0.38% | 0.47% | 0.37% | 0.28% | 0.19% | 0.19% | 0.28% | 0.37% | 0.28% | 0.28% |
1984 | 0.59% | 0.49% | 0.20% | 0.49% | 0.29% | 0.29% | 0.39% | 0.38% | 0.48% | 0.29% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
1983 | 0.20% | 0.10% | 0.00% | 0.72% | 0.61% | 0.30% | 0.40% | 0.30% | 0.50% | 0.30% | 0.20% | 0.10% |
1982 | 0.32% | 0.32% | -0.11% | 0.42% | 0.95% | 1.25% | 0.52% | 0.21% | 0.20% | 0.31% | -0.20% | -0.41% |
1981 | 0.81% | 1.03% | 0.68% | 0.68% | 0.79% | 0.89% | 1.10% | 0.76% | 0.98% | 0.21% | 0.32% | 0.32% |
1980 | 1.43% | 1.41% | 1.52% | 1.12% | 0.99% | 1.10% | 0.00% | 0.73% | 0.84% | 0.95% | 0.83% | 0.94% |
1979 | 0.89% | 1.17% | 1.01% | 1.15% | 1.27% | 1.12% | 1.11% | 0.96% | 1.08% | 0.80% | 0.93% | 1.05% |
1978 | 0.64% | 0.64% | 0.79% | 0.79% | 0.94% | 1.09% | 0.77% | 0.46% | 0.76% | 0.90% | 0.45% | 0.45% |
1977 | 0.52% | 1.03% | 0.68% | 0.84% | 0.50% | 0.66% | 0.49% | 0.33% | 0.33% | 0.33% | 0.49% | 0.32% |
1976 | 0.18% | 0.36% | 0.18% | 0.36% | 0.71% | 0.53% | 0.53% | 0.53% | 0.35% | 0.52% | 0.17% | 0.34% |
1975 | 0.39% | 0.77% | 0.38% | 0.38% | 0.57% | 0.75% | 1.12% | 0.18% | 0.55% | 0.55% | 0.73% | 0.36% |
1974 | 0.87% | 1.29% | 1.27% | 0.42% | 1.25% | 0.82% | 0.82% | 1.21% | 1.20% | 0.99% | 0.78% | 0.78% |
1973 | 0.24% | 0.70% | 0.93% | 0.69% | 0.69% | 0.68% | 0.23% | 1.81% | 0.22% | 0.88% | 0.66% | 0.65% |
1972 | 0.00% | 0.49% | 0.24% | 0.24% | 0.24% | 0.24% | 0.48% | 0.24% | 0.24% | 0.48% | 0.24% | 0.24% |
1971 | 0.00% | 0.25% | 0.25% | 0.25% | 0.50% | 0.74% | 0.25% | 0.25% | 0.00% | 0.25% | 0.00% | 0.49% |
1970 | 0.27% | 0.53% | 0.53% | 0.79% | 0.26% | 0.52% | 0.52% | 0.00% | 0.51% | 0.51% | 0.51% | 0.51% |
1969 | 0.28% | 0.56% | 0.84% | 0.55% | 0.28% | 0.55% | 0.55% | 0.54% | 0.27% | 0.54% | 0.54% | 0.53% |
1968 | 0.59% | 0.29% | 0.29% | 0.29% | 0.29% | 0.58% | 0.58% | 0.29% | 0.29% | 0.57% | 0.28% | 0.28% |
1967 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.30% | 0.30% | 0.30% | 0.30% | 0.30% | 0.30% | 0.30% | 0.30% | 0.30% | 0.30% |
1966 | 0.00% | 0.63% | 0.31% | 0.62% | 0.00% | 0.31% | 0.31% | 0.62% | 0.00% | 0.61% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
1965 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.32% | 0.32% | 0.00% | 0.64% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.32% | 0.00% | 0.32% |
1964 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.32% | 0.32% | -0.32% | 0.32% | 0.00% | 0.32% | 0.00% |
1963 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.33% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.33% | 0.33% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.33% | 0.00% | 0.32% |
1962 | 0.00% | 0.33% | 0.00% | 0.33% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.33% | 0.00% | 0.33% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
1961 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.67% | -0.33% | 0.33% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
1960 | -0.34% | 0.34% | 0.00% | 0.34% | 0.00% | 0.34% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.68% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
1959 | 0.35% | -0.34% | 0.00% | 0.35% | 0.00% | 0.34% | 0.34% | 0.00% | 0.34% | 0.34% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
1958 | 0.70% | 0.00% | 0.70% | 0.35% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.35% | -0.34% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.35% | -0.34% |
1957 | 0.00% | 0.36% | 0.36% | 0.36% | 0.36% | 0.36% | 0.71% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.35% | 0.00% |
1956 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.37% | 0.37% | 0.74% | 0.74% | -0.36% | 0.37% | 0.36% | 0.00% | 0.36% |
1955 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.37% | 0.00% | 0.37% | 0.00% | 0.00% | -0.37% |
1954 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | -0.37% | 0.37% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | -0.37% | 0.00% | 0.00% | -0.37% |
1953 | -0.37% | -0.38% | 0.38% | 0.00% | 0.38% | 0.37% | 0.00% | 0.37% | 0.00% | 0.37% | -0.37% | 0.00% |
1952 | 0.00% | -0.75% | 0.00% | 0.38% | 0.00% | 0.38% | 0.75% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
1951 | 1.60% | 1.18% | 0.39% | 0.00% | 0.39% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.77% | 0.38% | 0.76% | 0.38% |
1950 | -0.42% | 0.00% | 0.43% | 0.00% | 0.42% | 0.42% | 1.26% | 0.83% | 0.41% | 0.82% | 0.41% | 1.21% |
1949 | -0.41% | -0.83% | 0.00% | 0.42% | -0.42% | 0.42% | -0.84% | 0.42% | 0.42% | -0.84% | 0.42% | -0.84% |
1948 | 1.28% | -0.84% | -0.43% | 1.71% | 0.42% | 0.84% | 1.24% | 0.41% | 0.00% | -0.41% | -0.82% | -0.41% |
1947 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1.86% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.46% | 0.91% | 1.35% | 2.22% | 0.00% | 0.43% | 1.30% |
1946 | 0.00% | -0.55% | 1.10% | 0.55% | 0.54% | 1.08% | 5.88% | 2.02% | 0.99% | 1.96% | 2.40% | 0.94% |
1945 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.56% | 1.12% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.55% |
1944 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.57% | 0.00% | 0.57% | 0.57% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.56% |
1943 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1.78% | 1.16% | 0.57% | 0.00% | -0.57% | -0.57% | 0.58% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
1942 | 1.29% | 0.64% | 1.27% | 0.63% | 1.24% | 0.00% | 0.61% | 0.61% | 0.00% | 1.21% | 0.60% | 0.60% |
1941 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.71% | 0.70% | 0.70% | 2.08% | 0.00% | 1.36% | 1.34% | 1.32% | 0.65% | 0.65% |
1940 | -0.71% | 0.72% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.71% | -0.71% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.71% |
1939 | 0.00% | -0.71% | 0.00% | -0.72% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 2.17% | -0.71% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
1938 | -1.39% | -0.70% | 0.00% | 0.71% | -0.70% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | -0.71% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
1937 | 0.71% | 0.00% | 0.71% | 0.70% | 0.70% | 0.00% | 0.69% | 0.00% | 0.69% | 0.00% | -0.68% | -0.69% |
1936 | 0.00% | 0.00% | -0.72% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.73% | 0.72% | 0.72% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
1935 | 1.49% | 0.74% | 0.00% | 0.73% | 0.00% | -0.72% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.73% | 0.00% |
1934 | 0.00% | 0.76% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.75% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1.49% | -0.74% | 0.00% | -0.74% |
1933 | -1.53% | -1.55% | -0.79% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.79% | 3.15% | 0.76% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
1932 | -2.05% | -1.40% | -0.71% | -0.71% | -1.44% | -0.73% | 0.00% | -0.74% | -0.74% | -0.75% | -0.75% | -0.76% |
1931 | -1.24% | -1.26% | -0.64% | -0.64% | -1.29% | -1.31% | 0.00% | 0.00% | -0.66% | -0.67% | -1.34% | -0.68% |
1930 | -0.58% | -0.58% | -0.59% | 0.59% | -0.59% | -0.59% | -1.19% | -0.60% | 0.61% | -0.60% | -0.61% | -1.83% |
1929 | 0.00% | 0.00% | -0.58% | -0.59% | 0.59% | 0.59% | 1.17% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | -0.58% |
1928 | 0.00% | -1.16% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.58% | -0.58% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1.17% | -0.58% | 0.00% | -0.58% |
1927 | -1.13% | -0.57% | -0.57% | 0.00% | 0.58% | 1.15% | -1.70% | -0.58% | 0.58% | 0.58% | -0.57% | 0.00% |
1926 | 0.00% | 0.00% | -0.56% | 0.56% | -0.56% | -0.56% | -1.13% | -0.57% | 0.57% | 0.57% | 0.57% | 0.00% |
1925 | 0.00% | -0.58% | 0.58% | -0.58% | 0.58% | 1.16% | 1.14% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1.69% | -0.56% |
1924 | 0.00% | -0.58% | -0.58% | -0.58% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.59% | -0.58% | 0.59% | 0.58% | 0.00% | 0.58% |
1923 | -0.59% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.60% | 0.00% | 0.59% | 1.18% | -0.58% | 0.58% | 0.58% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
1922 | -2.31% | 0.00% | -1.18% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.60% | -1.19% | 0.00% | 0.60% | 0.60% | 0.60% |
1921 | -2.06% | -3.16% | -0.54% | -1.09% | -2.21% | -0.56% | 0.57% | 0.00% | -1.13% | 0.00% | -0.57% | -0.57% |
1920 | 2.12% | 1.04% | 1.03% | 3.05% | 1.48% | 1.46% | -0.48% | -2.40% | -1.48% | -0.50% | -0.50% | -2.02% |
1919 | 0.00% | -1.82% | 1.23% | 1.83% | 1.20% | 0.00% | 2.96% | 1.72% | 0.56% | 1.69% | 2.21% | 2.16% |
1918 | 2.19% | 0.71% | -0.71% | 1.43% | 2.11% | 1.38% | 2.72% | 1.99% | 1.95% | 1.91% | 1.88% | 1.23% |
1917 | 0.86% | 2.56% | 0.00% | 5.00% | 1.59% | 1.56% | -1.54% | 1.56% | 2.31% | 1.50% | 0.00% | 1.48% |
1916 | 0.97% | 0.00% | 0.96% | 0.95% | 0.94% | 0.93% | 0.00% | 0.93% | 1.83% | 1.80% | 1.77% | 0.87% |
1915 | 0.00% | -0.99% | -1.00% | 1.01% | 1.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.99% | 0.98% | 0.00% |
1914 | 0.00% | -1.00% | 0.00% | -1.01% | 1.02% | 0.00% | 1.01% | 2.00% | 0.00% | -0.98% | 0.99% | -0.98% |
1913 | NA | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | -1.02% | 1.03% | 1.02% | 0.00% | 1.01% | 0.00% | 1.00% | -0.99% |
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
For more information, see:
- What is inflation?
- What is Core Inflation?
- What is Deflation?
- What is Disinflation?
- What is Hyperinflation?
Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics